Chest Physiotherapy

Chest physiotherapy (CPT) clears secretions and expands the lungs in patients whose airways cannot clear themselves: COPD, pneumonia, cystic fibrosis, post-op, and the immobilized. Move the mucus and you improve gas exchange and head off atelectasis and pneumonia.

What is Chest Physiotherapy?

CPT is a set of mechanical techniques that improve lung volumes and clear airway secretions: percussion, vibration, postural drainage, active cycle of breathing, thoracic expansion exercises, and positive expiratory pressure (PEP) therapy. Intermittent positive pressure ventilation (IPPV) and structured walking programs can also help expansion and endurance.

Goals

• Mobilize and expel secretions to cut infection risk and improve airflow.
• Improve ventilation and perfusion for balanced air and blood distribution.
• Enhance oxygenation through better gas exchange.
• Prevent or treat atelectasis and pneumonia, especially in immobile or compromised patients.

Indications

• Chronic respiratory disease: COPD, bronchitis, cystic fibrosis
• Infectious: pneumonia, bronchiectasis
• Post-op, especially thoracic or abdominal surgery, to prevent atelectasis
• Neuromuscular conditions that weaken cough (muscular dystrophy, spinal cord injury)
• Prolonged bed rest or immobility

Contraindications

• Recent thoracic or abdominal surgery without physician approval
• Severe osteoporosis or rib fractures
• Uncontrolled hypertension or cardiovascular instability
• Increased intracranial pressure or recent head trauma
• Severe anxiety or cognitive impairment that prevents cooperation

Techniques

Percussion (Clapping)

Rhythmic clapping with cupped hands over a lung segment to loosen mucus from the bronchial walls. Usually 3-5 minutes per segment, often combined with postural drainage.

Vibration

Flat hands on the chest, applying a fine, shaking pressure during exhalation to move mucus up the airways. Used right after percussion or on its own, timed to exhalation.

Postural Drainage

Gravity drains mucus from specific lung areas; position the patient (Trendelenburg, side-lying) so mucus moves from small to large airways. Hold each position 5-15 minutes. Especially useful in cystic fibrosis and bronchiectasis.

Active Cycle of Breathing Technique (ACBT)

Three phases:

• Breathing control: gentle, relaxed breathing between active phases, for recovery.
• Thoracic expansion exercises (TEE): deep breaths to expand the chest, sometimes with a brief hold.
• Forced expiratory technique (FET): controlled "huffs" to move secretions from small to large airways without coughing.

No equipment, so patients can self-manage chronic conditions independently.

Positive Expiratory Pressure (PEP) Therapy

A device adds resistance on exhalation to keep airways open and aid mucus clearance. Typically cycles of 10-15 breaths, then coughing or huffing. Good for obstructive lung disease.

Oscillating PEP

PEP plus oscillations (Flutter, Acapella) to shake thick mucus loose. Performed like PEP with the added vibration.

Autogenic Drainage

A self-administered breathing technique that moves mucus from small to large airways in three phases: unsticking (slow breaths), collecting (deeper breaths), and evacuating (deep breaths with forced exhalation).

Nursing Procedure

Preparation

1. Assess respiratory status before and after (breath sounds, rate, oxygen saturation, cough effectiveness).
2. Identify contraindications (recent surgery, cardiovascular instability, rib fractures, increased ICP).
3. Explain the procedure.
4. Gather equipment and provide privacy: pillows, cupped hands or percussion cups, vibration device, suction, flutter or PEP device (optional), incentive spirometer, pulse oximeter, stethoscope.
5. Position the patient comfortably with pillows, adjusting for the lung area targeted.

Percussion

1. Position the treated area up or slightly elevated.
2. Cup the hands and clap rhythmically over the target segment (use a mechanical or neonatal percussor on premature infants).
3. Percuss each area 3-5 minutes, avoiding bony prominences, breast tissue, and surgical sites.
4. Monitor for discomfort, hypoxia, or distress.

Vibration

1. Elevate or angle the treated area.
2. Place one hand over the area, the other on top, and vibrate during exhalation.
3. Repeat for 3-5 breaths, then let the patient rest with relaxed breathing.
4. Reassess respiratory status after each set.

Postural Drainage

1. Position to drain specific segments (semi-Fowler's for upper lobes, Trendelenburg for lower lobes).
2. Hold each position 5-10 minutes as tolerated.
3. Give nebulization or a bronchodilator before CPT if needed.
4. Encourage relaxed breathing control.
5. Monitor oxygen saturation and vitals, especially in head-down positions.

Forced Expiratory Technique (Huff Cough)

1. Deep breath in, then exhale forcefully in a "huff."
2. Repeat 2-3 times with relaxed breathing between.
3. Have the patient expectorate the mobilized mucus.

After CPT

1. Reassess breath sounds, oxygen saturation, rate, and cough.
2. Document techniques used, duration, response, and secretion characteristics.

Complications

• Pain or discomfort, especially with percussion after surgery or with rib fractures.
• Nausea or vomiting from head-down drainage, especially soon after eating (aspiration risk).
• Increased work of breathing from the physical exertion.
• Hemoptysis from airway irritation in fragile patients.
• Hypoxia when secretions temporarily block airways.
• Arrhythmias from vagal stimulation or cardiovascular stress.
• Bronchospasm, especially in reactive airways like asthma.
• Dizziness or postural hypotension from position changes.

Nursing Considerations

1. Assess respiratory status before and after.
2. Monitor for hypoxia and distress; stop if cyanosis or labored breathing appears.
3. Provide rest periods between techniques, especially for frail patients.
4. Avoid CPT after meals; schedule it at least 1-2 hours after eating.
5. Encourage hydration to thin secretions.
6. Teach huffing and effective coughing.
7. Teach incentive spirometer use, especially postoperatively.
8. For postural drainage, watch patients on diuretics, antihypertensives, sedatives, vasodilators, or opioids, who are prone to dizziness, hypotension, or compromised breathing.
9. Avoid percussion over the rib cage edges, sternum, and spine.